The One Thing Needful from the Hard Times by Charles Dickens Essay Example For Students

The One Thing Needful from the Hard Times by Charles Dickens Essay The One Thing Needful from the Hard Times by Charles Dickens Hard occasions, distributed in 1854, Dickens most limited novel was not well known in its day, however it has since gotten basic approval for its stirring parody against realism. This is quote taken from Msn Encarta Encyclopedia. This concentrate is about an individual who is considered to have authority and to be extraordinarily regarded telling other adults how he needs kids to be instructed and how they ought to be educated, this shows what training in the nineteenth century may have been similar to. The primary motivation behind this content is to stress what ought to be instructed and how it ought to be educated and the speaker feels that by implementing a showing technique, kids will have better lives as it would be founded on only realities. This section makes present day kids look at and consider that they are so fortunate to have the option to communicate how they feel and envision things. The manner in which the word Facts is composed and rehashed shows their significance in the speakers life, this likewise features how significant the idea of encouraging realities is, well at any rate to the speaker, this clarifies why it is composed as a formal person, place or thing with the utilization of a capital letter, the speaker exemplifies Facts. Dickens purposely utilizes redundancy to speak to the manner by which kids learn, by reiteration. The speaker alludes to kids in a few different ways, yet his central matter is that kids learn by things being rehashed to them. This clarifies why he calls them thinking creatures, since creatures learn by things being rehashed to them and once they are utilized to it they would do it naturally. The speaker is attempting to state that instructing them realities resembles preparing them to be acceptable, yet not at all like creatures, individuals particularly youngsters have suppositions and wild minds. Dickens utilizes a representation, which could have various implications. Plant nothing else and root out everything else. The reality he utilizes cultivating shows that kids are much the same as a nursery: they have a great deal of things in their minds, yet adults need to plant the seeds which are the realities in the nursery to have the option to cause them to develop appropriately. The structure of the entry greatly affects what the peruser thinks about the speaker subsequent to having perused the primary section and in the wake of having perused the last passage. From the manner by which the author depicts the speaker, the crowd has a reasonable understanding that the essayist doesn't care for the speaker. He isn't referenced by any names or titles yet as the speaker; this leaves the peruser to figure his character and separations himself from the speakers see. The depiction of the speaker coordinates his sentence structures in the statements. They are short, smart and direct. Dickens portrays him as square to show that he is unsurprising and unchangeable. The speaker ensures that his point gets across and to do so he utilizes a brutal, exacting tone. Dickens utilizes metaphor to depict the speaker by portraying him utilizing a lot of misrepresentation square mass of brow line 10, his eyes discovered spacious cellarage in two dim caverns, eclipsed by the divider. Line 12, a ranch of firsline 16, square coat, square legs, square shouldersline 19. This is appeared by the reiteration of the word square and causes the peruser to be seen as the best. Victorian training was Dickens fundamental concentration in the greater part of his books. He utilizes diverse social classes to make the crowd particularly youngsters see that training ought not be underestimated and that in the event that they think their instructing framework is brutal, they should take a gander at what it used to resemble in Victorian occasions. The language utilized isn't hard anyway everything is clear and straightforward just as envision. Twelfth Night by William Shakespeare Act 1 scene 1. This scene is a peculiar opening for a play. Orsino says the amount he cherishes Olivia, yet he is informed that she is as yet grieving her siblings demise for a long time. .u7ffc21aac12453d17dcf27ce3978d246 , .u7ffc21aac12453d17dcf27ce3978d246 .postImageUrl , .u7ffc21aac12453d17dcf27ce3978d246 .focused content region { min-tallness: 80px; position: relative; } .u7ffc21aac12453d17dcf27ce3978d246 , .u7ffc21aac12453d17dcf27ce3978d246:hover , .u7ffc21aac12453d17dcf27ce3978d246:visited , .u7ffc21aac12453d17dcf27ce3978d246:active { border:0!important; } .u7ffc21aac12453d17dcf27ce3978d246 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u7ffc21aac12453d17dcf27ce3978d246 { show: square; progress: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-change: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; darkness: 1; progress: mistiness 250ms; webkit-change: obscurity 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u7ffc21aac12453d17dcf27ce3978d246:active , .u7ffc21aac12453d17dcf27ce3978d246:hover { murkiness: 1; progress: haziness 250ms; webkit-change: darkness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u7ffc21aac12453d17dcf27ce3978d246 .focused content region { width: 100%; position: relativ e; } .u7ffc21aac12453d17dcf27ce3978d246 .ctaText { fringe base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: intense; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; content embellishment: underline; } .u7ffc21aac12453d17dcf27ce3978d246 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; text style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u7ffc21aac12453d17dcf27ce3978d246 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; outskirt: none; fringe sweep: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; text style weight: striking; line-stature: 26px; moz-fringe span: 3px; content adjust: focus; content design: none; content shadow: none; width: 80px; min-stature: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/basic arrow.png)no-rehash; position: total; right: 0; top: 0; } .u7ffc21aac12453d17dcf27ce3978d246:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u7ffc21aac12453d17dcf27ce 3978d246 .focused content { show: table; stature: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u7ffc21aac12453d17dcf27ce3978d246-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u7ffc21aac12453d17dcf27ce3978d246:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: A Day In The Life Of Catherine Bana EssayOrsino cherishes her so much that he envisions her being infatuated with him and thinks about two various types of affection: the adoration she has for her sibling and the affection that she may have for him one day. The reason for this content is to connect with the peruser into the topic of the play and the majority of the occasions when something is about adoration, there is a demonstration of extraordinary intrigue. Shakespeare utilized an extraordinary technique by opening with play with rhymes that is ensured to get the perusers consideration. This scene shows the effect love has on individual s. It makes it fascinating that the play opens legitimately mentioning to the peruser what's going on. There is no foundation data, the main snippet of data that the peruser gets from this concentrate is that Orsino is the Duke of Illyria and is profoundly infatuated; he sounds somewhat fixated on adoration and this concentrate permits the peruser to perceive what sort of character Orsino has. He can be depicted as somebody profoundly passionate and somebody who will battle to get what he needs. The language utilized in this content is very difficult to comprehend on the off chance that you are a youngster who isn't accustomed to hearing the customary method of the English language. A few words are very straightforward, as they are very like the words we use these days, or we can relate them some way or another. Pestilenceline 20 methods plague however this could be speculated with disease. This play utilizes symbolism containing food. Orsino depicts his adoration for Olivia as a hunger: If music be the food of affection play on, Give me abundance of it-that, satiating, The craving may sicken, thus kick the bucket line 1-3, he needs to take care of his adoration with music, he needs to take care of it so much that he would be full and gotten tired of it and wont feel his adoration any longer. This is likewise utilized when Olivias sadness is portrayed. For this situation water is utilized to portray Olivias grieving. Shakespeare utilizes various pieces of the body to show a similar feeling love hart eyes liver cerebrum lines 18 and 27. He continually utilizes the feeling of smell and taste, The sweet solid That inhales upon a bank of violets line 6, taking and giving scent line 7, tis not sweet now㠢â‚ ¬Ã¢ ¦ Line 8 Sweet beds of bloom line 40. This may incite some sexual considerations into the perusers mind. The language utilized causes the peruser to feel what the characters are feeling particularly on the off chance that they have felt like that about somebody previously. The way that Orsino broadly expounds on his affection for Olivia shows the peruser that he is eager to successfully win her heart. The utilization of conceptual things, love and melancholy causes the peruser to feel sorry for the characters. There is an analogy That, despite thy limit, Receiveth as the ocean line 10-11 which proposes that affection resembles the ocean, eating up everything. Nothing can fulfill it. Shakespeare additionally utilizes exaggeration to show the affection that Orsino has for Olivia and the pain Olivia has for her sibling. I dont think there is a verifiable setting in Twelfth Night; it is by all accounts simply anecdotal. Anyway this was set in the Elizabethan period. Since Shakespeare composed Twelfth Night a great deal has changed and fundamentally people groups comical inclination, despite the fact that this play was a parody in Shakespearean occasions it may not be what we call a satire now. During that time ladies had a poor job in the public eye, there was this thought of the ladies not being permitted to do certain things, for example, acting accordingly, men needed to assume the job of ladies and dissimilar to all his different comedies, twelfth night incorporates an origination of affection and different topics which the greater part of his different comedies don't have, this was one of his last three develop comedies. .u4df850591c01e8309a477c88324fdaa4 , .u4df850591c01e8309a477c8832

Joyce Campbell :: Short Stories Papers

Joyce Campbell Melissa Everett was sitting serenely in her turn seat gazing down on the bustling city of New York. She groggily started conversing with herself: â€Å"How fortunate I am,† she thought. â€Å"My life is so flawless at this moment, my family underpins me and I have extraordinary friends.† She serenely checks out her enormous office and contemplates internally, â€Å"And look how far I have come!† She recollects her battles and to her move up the organizations last mentioned. â€Å"Without the assistance of Joyce, I and a few of the other female officials of Tie Technologies would not be here. How could she do it? I wonder how it was back then†¦.† Melissa eyes developed marginally substantial, her head loaded up with musings and she immediately slipped into a light sleep†¦. June 27th, 1957. The sun was out; the sky was blue, tidied with just a couple of white mists. Toward the beginning of today resembled some other morning: Typical. The sun was sparkling heartily onto the houses, vehicles and individuals of Apple Lane. Number 203, home to Gregory and Judy Stephenson was a clamor. This recently manufactured huge block home is encircled with others indistinguishable from itself. In this rural neighborhood, the lanes are jumbled with kids and mother’s offering farewells to their friends and family as the men drive to their work. Judy stands waving delicately to the old Cadillac pulling out of the carport. Her skirt blows into the air, and her wispy blonde blasts clear to the side of her face. She holds her child young lady in her arms and contacts the shoulder of the little fellow beneath her. It’s early, she dresses her kids for school and scoops them out of the entryway an hour or so later. She knits, heats a couple of clusters of treats f or her returning kids, strolls to the market to buy the fundamental things for supper - prepared potatoes, carrots and flank steaks - and chooses to stroll over to her companion Joyce's home. She shows up; tragically the base inch of her skirt has been built up with wet residue, and approaches a young lady with a major straw cap on perusing discreetly on her yard. It is standard. Judy plunks down close to her takes out her new sentimental novel and chooses to go make herself cold lemonade.

7 Steps for Critical Thinking

7 Steps for Critical Thinking EP 52: 7 Steps for Critical Thinking EP 52: 7 Steps for Critical Thinking Critical thinking is important in the academic world but it can also be translated into your life and career. When you learn critical thinking it can help you take control over your own education and also have more empathy for other points of view. Today we are giving you 7-steps for critical thinking as designed by Scheffer and Rubenfeld. Join Cath Anne on Episode 52 for more on critical thinking. Looking for study tips, help with essay writing, or advice on how to be a better student? Welcome to The Homework Help Show, a weekly show where we teach, assist, and offer valuable insights for student life. From study hacks to writing tips, discussions about student mental health to step-by-step guides on academic writing and how to write a resume, weve got you covered. Want your questions answered? Write them below or join the conversation on social media using the hashtag #askHHG TRANSCRIPT: Cath Anne: [00:00:00] Hi guys and welcome back to our channel. My name is Cath Anne and this is Episode 52 of The Homework Help Show hosted by Homework Help Global here on the show we provide you with valuable content for your academic and student life. Lets jump in. This day and age we always have a significant amount of information coming out of us on a daily basis in academia and in everyday life. Cath Anne: [00:00:32] It is important to think critically about all of the information that we acquire. Critical thinking is important in the academic world but it can also translate into your everyday life as well as your career. When you learn critical thinking you can take control over your education. Cath Anne: [00:00:52] And you will also learn to develop more empathy and understanding for a variety of different perspectives. This translates very well into the career world. Cath Anne: [00:01:03] Everyday life as well as academia. Today we are giving you seven steps for critical thinking as designed by Schaeffer and Rubinfeld. We hope that these steps can help you to incorporate critical thinking skills into your everyday life as well as your academic career. Cath Anne: [00:01:23] Number one is analyzing separating or breaking a hole into perks in order to discover their nature function and relationships. Cath Anne: [00:01:34] Think of phrases like I studied it piece by piece I sorted things out. Step number two youre looking at applying standards here you are judging information based on established professional personal or social rules. These can be things like codes of ethics social mores or even classroom guidelines. Essentially youre taking information and applying it to a set of rules. Think of phrases like I judged it according to. A code of ethics for example number three we are looking at discriminating here. Youre looking at distinguishing differences or similarities amongst things or situations with a mind for ranking or categorizing them. Here. Discrimination does not take on a negative connotation. Rather it refers to the process of sorting out like with like. Consider phrases like I rank ordered the various, or I grouped things together. Cath Anne: [00:02:44] Number 4 were looking at information seeking. Here you are searching for evidence facts or knowledge based on relevant resources your gathering objective subjective historical knowledge from the sources and identifying whether it is relevant to the topic at hand. Think of this like the process of gathering information and research prior to writing an essay. Consider phrases like I knew I needed to look up or study. I kept searching for data on. Cath Anne: [00:03:17] Step number 5, logical reasoning drawing inferences or conclusions based on the evidence you have gathered here. Taking the information you have gathered and applying your logic to it consider phrases like I adopted from the consider phrases like I deducted from the information that or my rationale for this conclusion was essentially youre taking the information and the data you have gathered and applying your reasoning skills to that data. Cath Anne: [00:03:51] Step number 6, predicting envisioning a plan and its consequences here you are taking the conclusions and the information that you have already gathered and predicting what they might look like in the future. Youre also looking at what they may imply for the future. Think of phrases like I envision the outcome would be or I anticipated the following. Cath Anne: [00:04:16] Finally, youre looking at transforming knowledge changing or converting the condition, nature, form or function of concepts in differing contexts. Essentially you are taking all of the information and conclusions that you have drawn from the other six steps and youre looking at how this might translate into new knowledge that we havent seen before. Consider phrases like I improved on the basics by or I wondered how this information might fit into such in such a context. So youre taking the information transforming it into new knowledge and looking at how it might apply in different contexts. Pretty neat. So those are the seven steps for critical thinking. They are a little bit in depth so if you do want some more information on critical thinking we have some really great videos on the channel. In particular you might want to check out Episode 39 which discusses critical thinking as well as the course and technique. Okay that is it for me this week guys. I hope that these steps have been of benefit to you and that you might think about how to incorporate critical thinking into your own life career or your academic world. Cath Anne: [00:05:42] If you did like this video dont forget to give it a like and subscribe to our channel. If you have any questions or comments always jump into the comments section below. We love to hear from our subscribers. If you want to connect with us on social media or any of our other platforms all of our information is linked and listed in the description box below. Thank you guys so much for joining me on Episode 52 of The Homework Help Show. I hope these videos have been helpful for you and we will talk soon. Take care. 7 Steps for Critical Thinking EP 52: 7 Steps for Critical Thinking EP 52: 7 Steps for Critical Thinking Critical thinking is important in the academic world but it can also be translated into your life and career. When you learn critical thinking it can help you take control over your own education and also have more empathy for other points of view. Today we are giving you 7-steps for critical thinking as designed by Scheffer and Rubenfeld. Join Cath Anne on Episode 52 for more on critical thinking. Looking for study tips, help with essay writing, or advice on how to be a better student? Welcome to The Homework Help Show, a weekly show where we teach, assist, and offer valuable insights for student life. From study hacks to writing tips, discussions about student mental health to step-by-step guides on academic writing and how to write a resume, weve got you covered. Want your questions answered? Write them below or join the conversation on social media using the hashtag #askHHG TRANSCRIPT: Cath Anne: [00:00:00] Hi guys and welcome back to our channel. My name is Cath Anne and this is Episode 52 of The Homework Help Show hosted by Homework Help Global here on the show we provide you with valuable content for your academic and student life. Lets jump in. This day and age we always have a significant amount of information coming out of us on a daily basis in academia and in everyday life. Cath Anne: [00:00:32] It is important to think critically about all of the information that we acquire. Critical thinking is important in the academic world but it can also translate into your everyday life as well as your career. When you learn critical thinking you can take control over your education. Cath Anne: [00:00:52] And you will also learn to develop more empathy and understanding for a variety of different perspectives. This translates very well into the career world. Cath Anne: [00:01:03] Everyday life as well as academia. Today we are giving you seven steps for critical thinking as designed by Schaeffer and Rubinfeld. We hope that these steps can help you to incorporate critical thinking skills into your everyday life as well as your academic career. Cath Anne: [00:01:23] Number one is analyzing separating or breaking a hole into perks in order to discover their nature function and relationships. Cath Anne: [00:01:34] Think of phrases like I studied it piece by piece I sorted things out. Step number two youre looking at applying standards here you are judging information based on established professional personal or social rules. These can be things like codes of ethics social mores or even classroom guidelines. Essentially youre taking information and applying it to a set of rules. Think of phrases like I judged it according to. A code of ethics for example number three we are looking at discriminating here. Youre looking at distinguishing differences or similarities amongst things or situations with a mind for ranking or categorizing them. Here. Discrimination does not take on a negative connotation. Rather it refers to the process of sorting out like with like. Consider phrases like I rank ordered the various, or I grouped things together. Cath Anne: [00:02:44] Number 4 were looking at information seeking. Here you are searching for evidence facts or knowledge based on relevant resources your gathering objective subjective historical knowledge from the sources and identifying whether it is relevant to the topic at hand. Think of this like the process of gathering information and research prior to writing an essay. Consider phrases like I knew I needed to look up or study. I kept searching for data on. Cath Anne: [00:03:17] Step number 5, logical reasoning drawing inferences or conclusions based on the evidence you have gathered here. Taking the information you have gathered and applying your logic to it consider phrases like I adopted from the consider phrases like I deducted from the information that or my rationale for this conclusion was essentially youre taking the information and the data you have gathered and applying your reasoning skills to that data. Cath Anne: [00:03:51] Step number 6, predicting envisioning a plan and its consequences here you are taking the conclusions and the information that you have already gathered and predicting what they might look like in the future. Youre also looking at what they may imply for the future. Think of phrases like I envision the outcome would be or I anticipated the following. Cath Anne: [00:04:16] Finally, youre looking at transforming knowledge changing or converting the condition, nature, form or function of concepts in differing contexts. Essentially you are taking all of the information and conclusions that you have drawn from the other six steps and youre looking at how this might translate into new knowledge that we havent seen before. Consider phrases like I improved on the basics by or I wondered how this information might fit into such in such a context. So youre taking the information transforming it into new knowledge and looking at how it might apply in different contexts. Pretty neat. So those are the seven steps for critical thinking. They are a little bit in depth so if you do want some more information on critical thinking we have some really great videos on the channel. In particular you might want to check out Episode 39 which discusses critical thinking as well as the course and technique. Okay that is it for me this week guys. I hope that these steps have been of benefit to you and that you might think about how to incorporate critical thinking into your own life career or your academic world. Cath Anne: [00:05:42] If you did like this video dont forget to give it a like and subscribe to our channel. If you have any questions or comments always jump into the comments section below. We love to hear from our subscribers. If you want to connect with us on social media or any of our other platforms all of our information is linked and listed in the description box below. Thank you guys so much for joining me on Episode 52 of The Homework Help Show. I hope these videos have been helpful for you and we will talk soon. Take care.

Health Disasters In Puerto Rico - 819 Words

On September 8, 2017, Hurricane Irma struck Puerto Rico. Then on September 20, 2017, another hurricane, Hurricane Maria, struck Puerto Rico again. These two hurricanes devastated the island. Thousands of homes are destroyed; there is little food and clean water, and almost the entire island is without electricity. Puerto Ricans are left homeless, hungry, and without the ability to communicate with others. Many hospitals that would help disaster victims are not open or are unable to take many patients. The United States has to respond in three areas. First, the United States has to deliver food, drinking water, and medical supplies to Puerto Rico. These supplies should be distributed all across the island, making sure they also get to more†¦show more content†¦This department will make sure Puerto Ricans have medical care after the disaster. The purpose of the Department of Housing Urban Development is to make sure people can get housing if they can’t otherwise afford it or are in need. Housing Urban Development will be effective in helping Puerto Rico. HUD has the resources to give loans to people who lost their home for the purpose of rebuilding or relocating. HUD also has the ability to delay a home foreclosure on people who cannot pay the mortgage on a house that was damaged or destroyed. HUD can also give Section 108 loans to Puerto Rico to pay for rebuilding infrastructure. Both of these tools will help Puerto Rico rebuild and prevent more homelessness. Article 22 states, â€Å"Everyone, as a person on this planet, has the right to have her or his basic needs met, and should have whatever it takes to live with pride...†. Right now, a great majority of Puerto Rico’s population has a home that is either destroyed or unsafe to live in. The Department of Housing Urban Development can protect Article 22 of the UN Declaration of Human Rights. This department will make sure Puerto Ricans have a place to stay until their home is repaired or rebuilt. This is an important basic need for any person. The purpose of the Peace Corps is to improve or assist areas in need around the world whether it is because of natural disasters, diseases, orShow MoreRelatedHow Did Puerto Laina Affect The Hurricane In America974 Words   |  4 PagesThis hurricane season has been one of the most intense that Puerto Rico has had in over a century. First, it got trimmed by Hurricane Irma, a Category 5 storm whose eye passed just north of the island. Irma devastated several Caribbean islands including Puerto Rico and left a million of people in the island without power (CNN Wire, 2017). A little under 2 weeks after Irma, Puerto Rico was pummeled by Hurricane Maria, a Category 4 storm leaving the island in a humanitarian crisis. According to CNNRead MoreThe Future Of Puerto Rico1312 Words   |  6 Pages in a referendum not sanctioned by Congress, the people of Puerto Rico voted in favor of statehood. 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Two years later, under legislation passed by Congress to help Puerto Rico deal with its economic crisis, the commonwealth declared a form of bankruptcy, claiming debt of more thanRead MoreRescued From Their Invisibility : The Afro Puerto Ricans1157 Words   |  5 PagesThe articles â€Å"Rescued From Their Invisibility: The Afro-Puerto Ricans of Seventeenth and Eighteenth Century San Mateo de Cangrejos, Puerto Rico†, â€Å"Contested Mestizos, Alleged Mulattos: Racial Identity and Caste Hierarchy in Eighteenth Century Patzcuaro, Mexicoâ⠂¬ , â€Å"Slave Morality and Reproduction on Jesuit Haciendas in Colonial Peru†, and â€Å"Human Capital and Other Determinants of the Price Life Cycle of a Slave: Peru and La Plata in the Eighteenth Century† all deal with the topic of changes in populationsRead MorePuerto Rico Essay841 Words   |  4 PagesPuerto Rico is now facing yet another challenge of bacterial contamination due to lack of clean water and resources. People are drinking contaminated water that has been exposed to toxic and human waste (A Look at the Heath Crisis in Pueto Rico after Hurricane Maria, 2017). People are not only at risk for contraction of bacteria by drinking contaminated water but also by standing or walking through contaminated flood water where the bacteria can penetrate through any open wound (A Look at the HeathRead MoreThe Country Of Puerto Rico2392 Words   |  10 Pages Larry W Dumas Jr Dr. Wilbert Karigomba World Geography 24 June 2015 Puerto Rico Puerto Rico is an island that is impacted by not having enough land for cultivation. The Three thousand four hundred and ninety-two square miles of this island is about seventy-five percent hills or mountains (Worldmark Encyclopedia of the States b). With the large amount of land consisting of hill or mountains, Puerto Rico has limited amounts of natural resources. While under Spanish colonial rule, the island was largelyRead MoreComparing The Rates And Trend Of Homicide3723 Words   |  15 PagesHomeSamplesComparison of Homicide Rates in Puerto Rico and San Juan COMPARISON OF HOMICIDE RATES IN PUERTO RICO AND SAN JUAN Abstract There have been continuous researches on the relationship between segregation and homicide across the state of Puerto Rico. This study will effectively determine if Puerto Rico has high crimes in homicide as compared to other metropolitan statistical area that is San Juan. The research will focus on a ten year comparison that is from the year 1998 to 2008. UsingRead MoreThe Benefits of the Statehood for Puerto Rico1847 Words   |  8 Pagesof the statehood for Puerto Rico The intention of this essay is to demonstrate to a vision rational, concordant political leader to the Puerto Rican, American and worldwide reality. It responds to the necessity that to the statehood it is necessary to imagine it and to expose it with all the evidence available, since many Puerto Ricans, including many political leaders, do not know like defending it or exposing it before the peculiar ones or our adversaries. Puerto Rico is smallest and EasternRead MoreDevelopments Of Securing The Nation s Ports788 Words   |  4 Pages3,200 cargo and passenger handling facilities and there are more than 150 deep draft seaports under the jurisdiction of 126 public seaport agencies located along the Atlantic, Pacific, Gulf and Great Lakes coasts, as well as in Alaska, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, Guam, and the U.S. Virgin Islands. Transportation Security Administration (2010), broaden the definition of† the maritime sector to include a wide range of watercraft and vessels and consists of approximately 95,000 miles of coastline, 361 portsRead MoreHomeland Security And Homeland Defense1068 Words   |  5 Pagesin one definition because homeland security’s overall mission is to: †¢ Prevent terrorism and enhancing security †¢ Secure and manage our borders †¢ Enforce and administer our immigration laws †¢ Safeguard and secure cyberspace †¢ Ensure resilience to disasters While the missions of homeland defense are a little bit different. Homeland defense focuses on the protection and defense aspect of protecting America by using the military mainly to protect the land, air and sea that surrounds the property of the

Essay about Industrialization in America - 1087 Words

Mark Twain once called Industrialization an, â€Å"Era of incredible Rottenness.† Industrialization had both negative effects and positive effects on city life. While big businesses thrived, the gap between the rich and poor grew larger day by day. Progressive reformers sought to close this gap and bring together the nation. Industrialization was very beneficial to American business owners. Following the civil war, industries transformed into modern powerhouses. Big business owners who seized power in these industries became even bigger. New inventions led to new thriving industries. Iron, for example, was replaced with ultra-strong steel. Andrew Carnegie built the biggest steal business in the world. One main reason why steel was in such†¦show more content†¦Big business owners benefited from industrialization because they became in such high demand during the peak of their thriving businesses. Although the standard of living was higher, the gap between rich and po or could not have been greater. With so many businesses expanding during industrialization, millions of jobs opened up throughout the United States. The good thing about this is that immigrant men and women (and even children) could earn money for their family and pay for food. Factories could hire these immigrants because the work did not require much skill. These factories, however, had terrible working conditions. Cities became dirty and overcrowded. Tenement buildings were skinny, small, unsanitary, and housed sweat shops. For immigrants, working meant long hours, very low pay, and unsanitary conditions. Child labor supplied many children jobs in coal mines and factories. Because these factories were hazardous, many accidents happened inside- it was very common for people to lose fingers, toes, and even their lives. Many factory owners would even lock the doors of the factories so that the immigrants couldn’t get out. In the Triangle Shirtwaist Company Fire of 1911, for example, 146 workers died in a fire when factory owners locked the doors (Roark). The average work week was 59 hours and the average hourly wage was 21.7 cents. Many young homeless boys would serve as bootblacks or newsboys. An immigrant named Jacob RiisShow MoreRelatedIndustriali zation : The Industrialization Of America Essay1650 Words   |  7 PagesThe Industrialization of America Many people consider America to be the leader of the technological world; however, that has not always been the case. Before America became the industrial dynamo that is today, there were multiple other countries that it had to compete against such as China, England, Japan, and Germany. While each of these countries prospered at some point throughout their technological history, America was able to learn ways to adapt in order to compete against each and every oneRead MoreIndustrialization Of America703 Words   |  3 Pages What factors led to Industrialization of America? Industrialization is growing or development of industries and factories in a country or region. The United States were far behind most countries in the 1700a-1800s. The US was a young nation and they had no loyalty or respect given to them by any country at this time. The people of the US wanted change, they wanted respect, and they wanted to be independent form all of the surrounding countries and civilizations. One of the main things thatRead MoreEssay on Industrialization in America 1117 Words   |  5 Pagesland a country colonized the more money it could make off of that land. 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Analytical essay Free Essays

According to the article, â€Å"Leaders: America and Guns,† it Is evident that gun control has proven Ineffective when It comes to dissolving the â€Å"love affair† that exists between Americans and their guns (â€Å"Leaders: America and Guns†). This article highlights the Issues that permeate throughout America regarding pro gun groups. Not only Is this article persuasive, it Infuses a degree of rhetorical strategies including logical, as well as emotional appeals to fortify the issue at hand. We will write a custom essay sample on Analytical essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Various examples, statistics, and sound evidence is brought to the table, adequately arguing ND developing the position that, â€Å"Americans want to keep their guns, no matter how high the price,† (â€Å"Leaders: America and Guns†). Furthermore, the other article, â€Å"Support for Gun Control Legislation,† falls short in strengthening its argument and is not as convincing, in comparison to â€Å"Leaders: America and Guns. † These articles use an array of rhetorical strategies to convey their arguments, however some strategies prove more successful or useful than others. Exemplification or defining appears in both articles. These rhetorical strategies seem necessary and perhaps essential monuments In each article. They serve to properly support and strengthen the statements of each author. Another rhetorical strategy that Is prominent throughout both articles Is the comparing and contrasting method. TLS strategy allows the reader to introduce the pros and cons concerning their argument while persuading the reader to take a stance or a step in the right direction. Once the comparing and contrasting have been presented and thoroughly examined, the author can then persuade the reader based on said favorable findings. Apart from these rhetorical strategies, classifying and dividing appear in both articles too. This type of strategy divides difficult or overwhelming topics in smaller comprehensible units. Readjusting a broad topic into smaller subsections lets the writer gain control of the argument and allows the reader to comfortably analyze the material (â€Å"Rhetorical Strategies). This Is particularly true on a subject like gun control In America, a topic In desperate need of dissecting since there is so much history and discourse to address. The first article, â€Å"Leaders: America and Guns,† uses these rhetorical strategies most effectively, as oppose to the article, â€Å"Support for Gun Control Legislation. † The first article appeals to the reader on an emotional level, as well as on a logical level. The author starts off with; â€Å"The love affair goes on, whatever the price. The funerals are over,† (â€Å"Leaders: America and Guns†). This is a powerful and convincing statement because it gets the reader emotionally involved. It conjures up thoughts of death, guns, and their relation to one another. Followed by this emotionally charged tenement, is a series of examples. This structure holds true to the rhetorical strategy of exemplification. Mentioned are descriptions of young boys as murders and shocking Incidents such as mass shootings and school massacres. These examples are so effective because they emphasize the Idea that Americans are still obsessed with guns regardless of all the harm they can cause. Moreover, the author also gets the reader convinced on a logical level by presenting rather startling but true evidence, like the anti-control slogan, â€Å"guns don’t kill people, people kill cause at face value, it is true. With all these historical events and facts, this article becomes very credible and the author builds a very strong argument. The author also uses the rhetorical strategy of compare and contrast to further reinforce the idea that Americans are reluctant to give up their guns. The article mentions the stark contrasts in regards to deaths by handguns in America versus the world. Although the difference in numbers across the board is shocking, the author follows these statements by, â€Å"most Americans remain unimpressed by such imprisons,† (â€Å"Leaders: America and Guns†). This article is incredibly persuasive and convincing. Such statements leave the reader in disbelief that Americans still â€Å"want to keep their guns, no matter how high the price,† (â€Å"Leaders: America and Guns†). From this article, even though the author introduces both sides of the story, one could presume that gun control may not gain popularity in America. After reading the first article, the second article becomes less convincing. â€Å"Support for Gun Control Legislation,† lacks emotion and depth. The article sets itself up for disaster, cause although it tries to stress how gun legislation is on the brink of undergoing tighter regulations, it fails miserably. The author places too much emphasis on the National Rifle Association (NEAR). The rhetorical strategy of exemplification is present, but glorifies the NEAR, mentioning how â€Å"powerful† and how † successful† the anti-gun control lobby has been, â€Å"in helping to block any meaningful gun control legislation in Congress,†(â€Å"Support for Gun Control Legislation†). This example, followed by facts, is perhaps not the best one for this discussion because it reinforces the strength of the association in America and weakens the argument for better or more effective regulations. However, the article does include examples of small victories nationwide concerning tougher gun restrictions, but these statements would have been more effective if they were mentioned earlier. These successes lose their credibility as they are undermined when compared and contrasted to the NEAR. The author is very disorganized; his attempts at using classifying and dividing to strengthen his argument do not help him to properly compose his thoughts. The author Jumps from he NEAR, to a series of events, to politicians and lastly lawsuits. This overwhelms the reader because the flow is too Jumbled, for this reason this article becomes ineffective and too complicated to properly make sense of. Lastly, the article that gave me the best answer was â€Å"Leaders: America and Guns. † This article was emotionally charged and logically composed. The author included numerous rhetorical strategies to reinforce his rather shocking stance that Americans love their guns and that those guns are here to stay. The authors use of visual descriptions, incidents, and statistics were all appropriate examples used to establish and display the ideas effectively. The composition of the article flows really well, a lot of information is presented but also condensed, mentioning only what is vital to the argument. The author is direct and to the point and the author does not deviate from the main argument, constantly coming back and endorsing his/her opinion. The author mentions, â€Å"many Americans have already come to the remarkable conclusion that the best route to a safer America is a better-armed America,† (â€Å"Leaders: America and Guns†). The author is constantly on point with his/her information. How to cite Analytical essay, Essays

Zimpfer vs. Palm Beach County Case free essay sample

Palm Beach County† case is about a lawsuit filed by Mr. Bryce Zimpfer against Palm Beach County alleging a violation of the Age Discrimination in Employment Act. Mr. Zimpher, age 52, has worked for the county’s employee relations area and this employment had lasted for 16 years. There was a vacancy which was advertised by the county for the position of employee relations manager, a position which Mr. Zimpfer decided to apply for. After considering all the applications, the county chose a candidate, Mr. Brad Merriman, age 33, to fill this position. Mr. Zimpfer then decided to file a complaint with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EOOC) and hired an attorney, Ms. Lynn Szymoniak to pursue his case. Armed with a favorable report from an I/O psychologist, Dr. Marcy Josephs, Ms. Szymoniak is now attempting to reach a settlement with Palm Beach County’s legal representatives. Critical Issues ADEA Requirements and Prima Facie Evidence In order to establish a prima facie case against Palm Beach County, Mr. We will write a custom essay sample on Zimpfer vs. Palm Beach County Case or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Zimpfer and his attorney would have to provide evidence that would meet certain requirements. The requirements are: 1) proving that Mr. Zimpfer is older than 39 and therefore protected under the ADEA; 2) Mr. Zimpfer is able to perform satisfactorily at some absolute or relative level; 3) Mr. Zimpfer was nor hired, promoted, or compensated, or was discharged, laid off, or forced to retire; and 4) that the position was filled by a person younger than Mr. Zimpfer. Mr. Zimpfer would not have any problem providing the evidence needed to satisfy requirements 1, 3, and 4. Requirement 2 on the other hand might be a little tricky to prove. ADEA Requirements for Conclusive Evidence and Relevant Court Cases Though Mr. Zimpfer’s attorney was able to get a report from an I/O psychologist, Dr. Josephs, which verifies his ability to perform the duties described in the ad for the managerial position, the county could also get its own expert to rebut this psychologist’s findings in the report. If Dr. Josephs is able to convince this jury then there is sufficient evidence to conclusively prove that Mr. Zimpfer was a victim of discrimination, since her report shows that he is clearly more qualified for the position than Mr. Merriman is. Critical Evaluation of the I/O Psychologist Report Though Dr. Josephs’ report looks comprehensive, it could be considered to be lacking all the information needed to conclude who the best candidate for the position is. To come up with scores, Dr. Josephs did not take into consideration the conversations the interviewer had with each candidate. Though Mr. Zimpher’s resume may have showed that he possessed all the skill she gave him credit for, those written words don’t necessarily translate to actions. It could be that he was not able to convince the interview panel that he actually possessed those skills. Mr. Merriman on the other hand could have been more convincing during his interview. He might not have the experience of Mr. Zimpfer but he could possess more knowledge of the particular skills that are needed for this position. Since Zimpfer had been working with the county for 16 years, they would be able to get some more information about him from his past and present supervisors. Likewise, the county could have received very positive recommendations sent by Mr. Merriman’s previous employers on his behalf. Dr. Josephs didn’t have access to these and therefore could not consider these key pieces of information when filling out her work requirement matrix. It also could be that she intentionally left out information that would be unfavorable to her client. Potential Additional Evidence Needed for Zimpfer There is some additional evidence that Mr. Zimpfer could introduce to show that the county did in fact discriminate against him. He could produce the job performance reports he has received while working for the county that show him to be an exemplary worker, and recommend him for promotion. This combined with the I/O psychologist’s report would help him meet the second requirement needed to establish a prima facie. He could also look to see if Palm Beach County has a trend of passing up older employees for younger employees when filling up managerial positions. Potential Rebuttal Evidence Needed for the County The attorney for the HR manager for Palm Beach County could introduce some additional evidence that would help prove that his client did not discriminate against Mr. Zimpfer. He could introduce transcripts of the interviews of both men which would help prove that Mr. Merriman performed better than Mr. Zimpfer did. He could also produce proof of Mr. Merriman having a better academic qualification than Mr. Zimpfer does. This would help prove that he decided to go with academic qualification instead of on the job experience when deciding which candidate to pick. He could then provide evidence that would put into question the credibility of the I/O psychologist. If successful, this would discredit her report and have a significant negative impact on the Mr. Zimpfer’s case since its success is mostly hinged on the jury accepting and believing Dr. Josephs’ report. Conclusions Recommendations to the county Overall I think Palm Beach County did discriminate against Mr. Zimpfer. They gave the job to someone who appears to be less qualified for the position than Mr. Zimpfer is, but also much younger than he is and would cost less. This being the case, I would recommend they settle the suit outside the court. If they were to lose this case, it would set up a precedent which would enable other aggrieved employees, present or past, to file more ADEA suits against Palm Beach County. Future Preventive Actions Needed I the long term, I would advise Palm Beach County to be more meticulous in their candidate search. If they do decide to hire someone much younger than another applicant, they should make sure he is clearly more qualified for the job than the older candidate is. I would also recommend recording or keeping minutes of each interview. This would provide some evidence to counter an unfavorable report from an I/O psychologist.

Raccoon Facts (Procyon lotor)

Raccoon Facts (Procyon lotor) The raccoon (Procyon lotor) is a medium-sized mammal native to North America. It is easily recognized by its pointed masked face and banded furry tail. The species name lotor is neo-Latin for washer, referring to the animals habit of foraging for underwater food and sometimes washing it before eating. Fast Facts: Raccoon Scientific Name: Procyon lotorCommon Names: Raccoon, coonBasic Animal Group: MammalSize: 23 to 37 inchesWeight: 4 to 23 poundsLifespan: 2 to 3 yearsDiet: OmnivoreHabitat: North AmericaPopulation: MillionsConservation Status: Least Concern Description A raccoon is characterized by the black mask of fur around its eyes, alternating light and dark rings on its bushy tail, and pointed face. Except for the mask and tail, its fur is grayish in color. Raccoons are able to stand on their hind legs and manipulate objects with their dexterous fore paws. Males tend to be 15 to 20% heavier than females, but size and weight varies dramatically depending on habitat and time of year. An average raccoon is between 23 to 37 inches in length and weighs between 4 and 23 pounds. Raccoons weigh roughly twice as much in autumn compared to early spring because they store fat and conserve energy when temperatures are low and food is scarce. Habitat and Distribution Raccoons are native to North and Central America. They prefer wooded habitats near water, but have expanded to live in marshes, mountains, prairies, and urban areas. In the mid-20th century, raccoons were introduced into Germany, France, Italy, Spain, Japan, Belarus, and Azerbaijan. Raccoon natural range (red) and introduced range (blue). Roke, Creative Commons License Diet Raccoons are omnivores that feed on small invertebrates, nuts, fruit, fish, bird eggs, frogs, and snakes. They tend to avoid larger prey as long as their usual food source is available. Many raccoons are nocturnal, but it is not unusual for a healthy raccoon to seek food during the day, particularly near human habitation. Behavior While captive raccoons often douse their food in water before eating it, the behavior is less common in wild animals. Scientists hypothesize the dousing behavior stems from the species foraging pattern, which typically involves an aquatic habitat. Once thought to be solitary creatures, scientists now know raccoons engage in social behavior. While each raccoon lives within its home range, related females and unrelated males form social groups that often feed or rest together. Raccoons are highly intelligent. They can open complex locks, remember symbols and problem solutions for years, distinguish between different quantities, and understand abstract principles. Neuroscientists find neuron density in raccoon brains comparable to that in primate brains. Reproduction and Offspring Raccoon females are fertile for three or four days between late January and mid-March, depending on the duration of daylight and other factors. Females often mate with multiple males. If the female loses her kits, she may become fertile in another 80 to 140 days, but most females only have one litter each year. Females seek a protected area to serve as a den for raising young. Males separate from females after mating and are not involved in raising young. Gestation lasts from 54 to 70 days (usually 63 to 65 days), resulting in a litter of two to five kits or pups. Kits weigh between 2.1 and 2.6 ounces at birth. They have masked faces, but are born blind and deaf. Kits are weaned by 16 weeks of age and disperse to find new territories in autumn. Females are sexually mature in time for the next mating season, while males mature somewhat later and typically start breeding when they are two years old. In the wild, raccoons typically only live between 1.8 and 3.1 years. Only about half of a litter survive the first year. In captivity, raccoons may live 20 years. Baby raccoons resemble their parents. Janette Asche / Getty Images Conservation Status The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List categorizes the raccoons conservation status as least concern. The population is stable and increasing in some areas. The raccoon occurs in some protected areas, plus it has adapted to live in close proximity to humans. While raccoons have natural predators, most deaths are from hunting and traffic accidents. Raccoons and Humans Raccoons have a long history of interaction with humans. They are hunted for their fur and killed as pests. Raccoons may be tamed and kept as pets, although keeping them is prohibited in some locations. Pet raccoons are best kept in pens to minimize property destruction and are usually neutered to reduce aggressive behavior. Orphaned unweaned kits may be fed cows milk. However, becoming accustomed to humans may make it difficult for them to adjust if the raccoons are later released into the wild. Sources Goldman, Edward A.; Jackson, Hartley H.T. Raccoons of North and Middle America. North American Fauna 60 Washington: U.S. Deptartment of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, 1950.MacClintock, Dorcas. A Natural History of Raccoons. Caldwell, New Jersey: Blackburn Press, 1981. ISBN 978-1-930665-67-5.Reid, F. A. A Field Guide to the Mammals of Central America and Southeast Mexico. Oxford University Press. p. 263, 2009. ISBN 0-19-534322-0Timm, R.; Cuarà ³n, A.D.; Reid, F.; Helgen, K.; Gonzlez-Maya, J.F. Procyon lotor. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T41686A45216638. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T41686A45216638.enZeveloff, Samuel I. Raccoons: A Natural History Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Books, 2002. ISBN 978-1-58834-033-7

5 Problems with Parallelism

5 Problems with Parallelism 5 Problems with Parallelism 5 Problems with Parallelism By Mark Nichol 1. â€Å"It was a serious distraction and threat to more meaningful reform efforts.† Something is wrong with this sentence. To diagnose the problem, remove one of the noun phrases from the beginning of the sentence and determine whether the remaining statement is still correct, then replace it and remove the other one. â€Å"It was a serious threat to more meaningful reform efforts† is correct, but â€Å"It was a serious distraction to more meaningful reform efforts† is jarring because the preposition is not idiomatically appropriate. The noun phrases are supported by different prepositions, so they cannot share the word to; assign the correct preposition to each one: â€Å"It was a serious distraction from and threat to more meaningful reform efforts.† Should the word threat be preceded by the article a to make it parallel with distraction? No, because serious applies to both nouns, and an additional article would isolate threat from the shared adjective. Also, the phrase â€Å"and threat to† appears to be parenthetical, but it’s not necessarily necessary to set it off by commas, parentheses, or em dashes. However, enclosing it in parentheses suggests a whispering insinuation, and using em dashes would signal a provocative interjection, so the context might merit either parenthetical strategy. In either case, though, threat should be assigned a repetition of serious â€Å"It was a serious distraction from (and a serious threat to) more meaningful reform efforts† or a distinct adjective (â€Å"It was a serious distraction from and a grave threat to more meaningful reform efforts.†) 2. â€Å"Elected officials and activists representing forty-five environmental groups attended the event.† When two or more nouns or noun phrases follow one or more adjectives (as in the previous example), the assumption is that the modifying word or words applies to each noun. In this case, however, the subject consists of the elements â€Å"elected officials† and â€Å"activists representing forty-five environmental groups† linked by a conjunction, not â€Å"elected officials (representing forty-five environmental groups)† and â€Å"(elected) activists representing forty-five environmental groups† joined by and. To clarify this distinction, recast the sentence: â€Å"Activists representing forty-five environmental groups, as well as elected officials, attended the event.† 3. â€Å"He has to be, if not the, one of the stupidest people in TV news.† The basic statement here is â€Å"He has to be one of the stupidest people in TV news,† but the writer has failed in an attempt to suggest the superlative as well, awkwardly implying also that â€Å"he has to be the stupidest person in TV news.† (The superlative is the ultimate form of an adjective, more extreme than the basic form stupid, in this case – and the comparative, stupider.) But â€Å"if not the† collides with â€Å"one of the†; the unstated and incorrect complete thought is, â€Å"He has to be the stupidest people in TV news.† To smooth out this disjointed sentence, introduce the superlative first in a complete thought, and then retreat to the milder criticism in a following modifying phrase: â€Å"He has to be if not the stupidest person in TV news, then one of the stupidest.† Note that a comma does not follow be, because doing so would imply that two commas are necessary to set â€Å"if not the stupidest person in TV news† off from the basic sentence â€Å"He has to be then one of the stupidest,† and that’s a faulty grammatical analysis. This sentence is constructed from a simple â€Å"if, then† foundation, so use a single comma to separate the two propositions. 4. â€Å"He kept a house there as well as homes in rural Oxfordshire, England, and Miami.† This sentence implies that the subject kept three additional homes: one in Oxfordshire, one in England, and one in Miami. (It also incorrectly suggests that, as in the second example above, a single adjective applies to all nouns that follow.) What the writer meant, as we determine momentarily which is one moment too late is that one additional residence is located in Oxfordshire, England, and another is in Miami. When one or more â€Å"city, state† or â€Å"city, nation† constructions are associated with a â€Å"city† reference, the sentence must be revised to clarify the hierarchy of referents. One solution is to distance the two objects with proprietary prepositions: â€Å"He kept a house there as well as homes in rural Oxfordshire, England, and in Miami.† Another, clearer choice is to do so but also place the simpler referent first: â€Å"He kept a house there as well as homes in Miami and in rural Oxfordshire, England.† 5. â€Å"The company was to be paid between $300 and $400 million.† This â€Å"you know what I meant† bungle is inoffensive but incorrect, and should be corrected on principle because a similar but more egregiously ambiguous construction would definitely merit revision, so why be inconsistent and excuse one but not the other? The two figures in question are $300 million and $400 million, and for the sake of clarity, the first instance of million should not be elided: â€Å"The company was to be paid between $300 million and $400 million.† The same principle applies if the range is separated by the word to: â€Å"The company was to be paid $300 million to $400 million.† However, when the sentence does not apply to orders of magnitude â€Å"Compliance ranged from 50 to 75 percent† the operative word need not be repeated, because no ambiguity about the relation of the first number to the second one exists. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Style category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:15 Terms for Those Who Tell the Future75 Idioms and Expressions That Include â€Å"Break†When to use "an"

Using psychological skills training to develop soccer performance Essay

Using psychological skills training to develop soccer performance - Essay Example The aforementioned intervention program was comprised of relaxation, imagery and self-talk on position specific performance measures. Using a multiple-baseline across individuals design, five participants had three performance subcomponents assessed across nine competitive matches. The results of the study indicated the position specific intervention to enable at least small improvements on the three dependent variables for each participant. Social validation data indicated all participants to perceive the intervention as being successful and appropriate to their needs. Following a discursive analysis of the data, the research findings are presented. The findings provide further evidence to suggest the efficacy of sport, and position-specific interventions. Despite interest in applied psychology, evidenced in the increase in the studies examining the efficacy of psychological skills on sporting performance (e.g., Patrick & Hrycaiko, 1998; Rogerson & Hrycaiko, 2002; Thelwell & Greenlees, 2003), knowledge remains limited. Limitation has been determined by the scarcity of studies on the efficacy of psychological skills within an open skilled, team sport setting (Kendall, Hrycaiko, Martin, & Kendall, 1990; McPherson, 2000). Consequently, the present study sought to address the aforementioned shortcoming through the articulation of a role specific intervention for soccer midfielders, while examining the intervention's efficacy on role specific subcomponents, such as the execution of successful tackles, the completion of successful passes, and ability to control the ball (Luongo, 1996). Of the few studies which have examined the pertinence of psychological skills to sporting performance, only a minority has examined performance sub-components. Using a multiple-baseline design across subjects, Swain and Jones (1995) applied a goal setting intervention targeting specific basketball subcomponents. Each participant's performance subcomponents were assessed through the first half of the competitive season. Mid-season, participants were requested to select one performance subcomponent which they perceived beneficial to improvement. Using goal setting approaches to the targeted behavior, 3 of the 4 participants experienced improvement in their targeted area. No changes were evident in non-targeted behaviors. The practical implication was that while psychological skills benefit performance, performers cannot transfer acquired skills to alternative situations without understanding the how and why of their targeted utilization. Identification of the varying requirements of soccer midfielders is prerequisite to the utilization of psychological skills intervention. A primary requirement is the ability to cover great distances within 90-minutes, as supported by numerous scientific studies (e.g., Reilly, 1996; Rienzi, Drust, Reilly, Carter & Martin, 2000). Studies on elite English Premier League midfield soccer players confirm the necessity of the capacity to run approximately 12,000m per match (Strudwick & Reilly, 2001)., consequent to midfielders being required to both link the defensive and forward and act as both offensive and defensive when, and as, required. A soccer midfielder is further required to carry out complex motor skills, to possess finely tuned perceptual skills and to have advanced decision-making skills. As activity is prolonged, fatigue sets in and skill command becomes difficult (Taylor, 1995). The exigencies of exploring relaxation

Clippermac Ltd Marketing Strategy Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Clippermac Ltd Marketing Strategy - Case Study Example This study was initiated to carry out a marketing analysis of Clippermac Ltd. Using certain analytical models such as Porters, generic strategy and competitive advantage, the company was diagnosed. There after the report examined the methods of market segmentation open to the management. Two methods were presented through which the divisions could be segmented. I suggested segmenting the market into geographical, demographical and time segment. This is because through these methods, the company is better placed to meet up with its objectives. The paper calls for, a value adding and marketing strategy for increasing yields to the company for the benefits of the entire European Community. It will take approximately five years for projected sales to reach about 1billion pounds per annum. The company expects to target not only high yielding niche market but low income household as well with the introduction of the new products. Key success factors within the market will be Today's business environment is increasingly becoming more turbulent, chaotic and challenging than ever before and to survive, it is vital that a firm can do something better than its competitors ( Wonglimpiyarat 2004:1). ... Clippermac Ltd brand of innovative quality furniture and promotional gifts. Individualised customer services - tailor made custom design providing customers with what they want, when and how they want it. One of the market leading full service fashion distribution company in the UK. 1.0 Introduction Today's business environment is increasingly becoming more turbulent, chaotic and challenging than ever before and to survive, it is vital that a firm can do something better than its competitors ( Wonglimpiyarat 2004:1). Globalisation has not only altered the nature and the intensity of competition but has had to dictate and shape organisations in terms of what consumers wants, how and when they want it and what they are prepared to pay for it (Hagan 1996:1). Kanter (1995:71) on his work on "Mastering Change" argues that success in the present day business is not for those companies that re-engineer the way they do things, or for those fixing the past. According to Kanter (1995) such an action will not constitute an adequate response. This is so because success is based on an organisation's ability to create, rather than predict the future by developing those products that will literally transform the way the world thinks and view it self and the needs (Kanter 1995:71). Within the context of today's global competition, businesses and firms no-longer compete as individual companies but try to corporate with other businesses in their activities (Wu & Chien 2007:2). These researchers went further to argue that, this strategy has become quite common in many businesses including the retail clothing chain stores. The conventional vertical integrated company based business model is gradually being replaced by collaborative relationship between many

Genetically Engineered Crops: The Benefits Outweigh the Risks Essay

In order to understand the controversy of genetically engineered crops one must understand what genetic engineering or genetic modification is: â€Å"GMO are organisms that are generated by combining genes of different species using recombinant DNA (rDNA) technology. Resulting organisms are then said to be transgenic, genetically engineered or genetically modified (GM). This group of organisms includes... plants.† (Celec et al., 2005) The genetic modification of crops and plants was created so that crops could, â€Å"... protect themselves against insects and disease, to feed and vaccinate people at the same time, to flourish in poor soil and drought, or to improve the quantity and bioavailability of individual nutrients.† (Roberts, Struble, McCullum-Gomez, Wilkins, 2006). These benefits may seem to outweigh the risks and in reality they do, however this does not mean the consumer should not be notified of the risks they are taking. The hallmark of our free society demands that the consumer be able to choose whether or not they want to eat something that may have health risks product labeling that identifies GMO ingredients allows for consumers to choose a particular product while ensuring that the producer feel more at ease with the way they disclose information and promote their product. Genetically engineered crops have many risks ranging from mild to serious. The risks of food allergy is one more serious factor. â€Å"There are risks not only from the parent crop, but in addition the new transgenic product can be an allergen.† (Celec et al., 2005) The risk of food allergens from genetic engineering is evident in this case with Brazil nuts and soy beans. In this case genetically modified soy beans had been given a protein from Brazil nut... ...base Ehrenfreund, M., Wheat With Engineered Gene Demonstrates Challenges for Researchers. (2013, May). Retrieved November 14, 2013, from www.washingtonpost.com Guidance for Industry: Voluntary Labeling Indicating Whether Foods Have or Have Not Been Developed Using Bioengineering; Draft Guidance, (2013, August). Retrieved November 15, 2013, from www.fda.gov Kaya, I. H. (2012). Genetically modified crops and human health. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances, 11(19), 3613-3617. Retrieved November 20, 2013, from Medwell Journals database. Roberts, K. S., Struble, M. B., McCullum-Gomez, C., Wilkins J. L. (2006). Use of a risk communication model to evaluate dietetics professionals’ viewpoints on genetically engineered foods and crops. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 106(5), 719-727. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from ScienceDirect database.

Leader case study on Steve Jobs Essay

Question 1 EXPLAIN HOW EACH OF THE FIVE ELEMENTS OF OUR DEFINITION OF LEADERSHIP APPLIES TO STEVE JOBS LEADING APPLE? As defined by Mr. Achua; leadership is the influencing process of leaders and followers to achieve organizational objectives through change. He defined effective leader to be someone who have the five elements of leadership as mentioned in the above figure. Mr. Steve Jobs has been a good example of being an effective leader for Apple. The five elements in his personality are discussed as follows; _INFLUENCE_ Influencing is the process of a leader communicating ideas, gaining acceptance of them, and motivating followers to support and implement the ideas through change. Mr. Jobs has been a perfect example for this element. He has influence not only his employees as well as his customers by bringing innovative products that his customers want. According to the case the people who left Apple says though Jobs hogs the credit but they’ve never done better work. This is how influenced his people from him. They were loyal and gave Mr. Jobs great respect. _ORGANIZATIONAL OBJECTIVES_ Effective leaders influence followers to think not only of their own interests but also of the interest of the organization through a shared vision. Mr. Jobs didn’t think about his own interests while working in Apple, the example of him hiring John Scuelly to bring professional management into power in place of himself is a prove, that he wanted his company to grow. It was his vision that made the companies he worked for a success. _CHANGE_ There is no doubt if it is said that change was the most important element that Mr. Steve had for being an effective leader. Apple has been a perfect example of change and it was only possible because of Mr. Jobs. Discussing the company’s â€Å"think different† advertising campaign, Isaacson writes, â€Å"They debated the grammatical issue: If ‘different’ was supposed to modify the verb ‘think,’ it should be an adverb, as in ‘think differently.’ But Jobs insisted that he wanted ‘different’ to be used as a noun, as in ‘think victory’ or ‘think beauty.’ † This shows that he always wanted to be different and unique. Bill Gates also said that Jobs did things differently and it’s magical. According to the case; Jobs wanted to bring about change, took innovative risk.[1: http://www.newyorker.com/online/blogs/comment/2012/10/apple-after-steve-jobs.html] _PEOPLE_ Leadership is about leading people. As per the case Jobs had been a controversial figure in business. People who have worked for Jobs over the years have mixed reactions to his leading people. Some call him temperamental, aggressive, tough, intimidating, and very demanding. He has been known to verbally attack people who make mistakes and are not meeting goals and expectations. Yet, employees who perform up to expectation are well rewarded. Even many who feared him also had great respect for him as he did inspire loyalty, enthusiasm, and high levels of performance through continuous innovation. Even people who left Apple say it’s often brutal and Jobs hogs the credit, but they’ve never done better work. Hence they intend to follow him. _LEADER FOLLOWERS_ An effective leader needs to share his ideas and listen to others and implement their ideas to be effective. It is due to Mr. Jobs good training that Apple is still working well. When Mr. Job was sick back in 2004 and  2009, Mr. Tim Cook (present CEO of Apple) was given his position and through Mr. Jobs guidance he ran the company. He made his follower the next leader and trained him well for the job. According to the case while working with the design team, he used to take input from the followers into what is designed and how. Mr. Jobs always inspired loyalty, enthusiasm and high levels of performance through continuous innovation from his followers. QUESTION 2: IDENTIFY LEADERSHIP ROLES PLAYED BY JOBS AS CEO OF APPLE. WHICH ROLE WAS THE MOST IMPORTANT? Figure 1: Leadership Managerial Roles by Henry Mintzberg The traits of all managerial roles defined by Mintzberg can been seen in Mr. Jobs being the leader of Apple. But the most important role that he played was being an entrepreneur that comes under decisional role. Following are the roles that he played while leading Apple; _FIGURE HEAD_ Mr. Jobs performed the figurehead role for Apple when he used to represent the organization. He used to make announcement for the launch of products, interacted with the customers. Signing official documents, entertaining clients or customers as official representatives. He used to give live interviews. He also used to informally talk to people and attend outside meetings as an organizational representative. _LEADER_ Mr. Jobs played the leader role that is of performing the management functions to effectively operate the managers’ organization unit. According to the case he made decision for hiring professional management. He used to do coaching and give instructions to design department specifically. He used to confront people if the performance of employees falls but also used to  reward them if they performed well. _MONITOR_ Mr. Jobs performed the monitor role when he used to gather information for innovative products, to discover problems and opportunities, and to understand events outside the organizational unit. He was a perfectionist. He used to monitor everything very closely. According to the case he was obsessive CEO who wanted his product to be practically perfect in every way. He was the one who stop the launch of one of Apple right before the launch date to be sure it’s perfect. _DISSEMINATOR_ Steve also played a disseminator role when he used to work with the design team. When some information needed to be transferred to the employees. When Mr. Cook become active CEO in 2009, Steve used to make decisions and convey them to him to bring it into action. _SPOKESPERSON_ Mr. Steve was a great spokesperson for Apple. He used to interact with people outside organization through seminars, meetings and interviews. The reason why people know him really well is, he used to speak to the public on behalf of Apple. _ENTREPRENEUR_ Steve Jobs is one of the best entrepreneurs. Through self-assessment he realized that his strengths was in developing new products. He believed the future of Apple depends on the frequent product introduction and transition. His vision for Apple made him a great entrepreneur. Bill Gates also called him to be visionary with intuitive taste. He does thing differently and it was magical in the eye of Bill Gates. _DISTURBANCE HANDLER_ Steve performed the disturbance-handler role of leadership when he took corrective action when the company was about to get bankrupt. According to the case Jobs saved the company in a way that is not seen in the history of Silicon Valley. Hence it proves him being a disturbance handler. _RESOURCE ALLOCATOR_ Steve was also a resource allocator when he used to appoint people in teams and to work they were good at. He allocated Sculley to be the CEO is an e.g of resource allocator. _NEGOTIATOR_ He was a great negotiator. He used to make people convince about his ideas. People were so influenced by him that they said none of them has done better work than him. One of the reason was he was a good negotiator. QUESTION 3: WHICH LEVEL OF ANALYSIS IS THE PRIMARY FOCUS OF THIS CASE? The primary focus of the case is to have an analysis of oneself i.e self-assessment. Discovering what a person is good at can make him reach high targets of life. As Steve Jobs did his self-assessment and did it right he knew he was good at making new and innovative products, so he focused all his attention in doing this job which made him succeed. Doing the job you enjoy and are good at is the key for career development and reaching the top of success ladder. He had a clear vision in his mind for himself and Apple which made him a great leader. So doing self-assessment and having a clear vision is the primary focus of this case. QUESTION 4: EXPLAIN HOW EACH OF THE LEADERSHIP THEORY CLASSIFICATION APPLIES TO THIS CASE, AND WHICH ONE IS THE MOST RELEVANT? A leadership theory is an explanation of some aspect of leadership; theories have practical value because they are used to better understand, predict, and control successful leadership. Leadership theory classifications include trait, behavioral, contingency, and integrative. Following is the explanation how all these apply to the case; _LEADERSHIP TRAIT_ theories attempt to explain distinctive characteristics accounting for leadership effectiveness. Researchers analyzed physical and psychological traits, or qualities, such as high energy level, appearance, aggressiveness, self-reliance, persuasiveness, and dominance in an effort to identify a set of traits that all successful leaders possessed. According to the case Steve Jobs was also a person he was aggressive, very demanding, tough and intimidating. He always showed high level of energy. _BEHAVIORAL LEADERSHIP_ theories attempt to explain distinctive styles used by effective leaders, or to define the nature of their work.Mintzberg’s ten managerial roles are an example of behavioral leadership theory. This theory applies in the case by discussing different examples that showed Steve Jobs to be an effective leader. As discussed in the question # 2, Steve had showed almost all the managerial roles of being an effective leader when required. He had been an entrepreneur by introducing innovative products. He has been a spokesperson and a figure head for Apple. A resource allocator when he gave the CEO position to Sculley. A leader when he had to launch new products in a perfect way. A disturbance handler when he retrieve Apple back to the place that it deserved and so on. _CONTINGENCY LEADERSHIP_ theories attempt to explain the appropriate leadership style based on the leader, followers, and situation. In other words, which traits and/or behaviors will result in leadership success given the situational variables. Again Steve Jobs example has been used in this case to explain the contingency leadership. When he changed the culture back to entrepreneurial atmosphere. He was the man who had clear vision and  understood the requirement of time and worked accordingly. Another example that the case discuss is when he launch Pixar when working with NeXt. _INTEGRATIVE LEADERSHIP_ theories attempt to combine the trait, behavioral, and contingency theories to explain successful, influencing leader-follower relationships. Researchers try to explain why the followers of some leaders are willing to work so hard and make personal sacrifices to achieve the group and organizational objectives, or how effective leaders influence the behavior of their followers. In this case it is seen when people though were not given credit of work yet followed Steve and trust him blindly. He made his followers grow and they were loyal to him. After discussing all the theories, I believe that the most relevant theories to this case and Steve Jobs is _Integrative leadership_. The reason being that it contains all the rest of theories including leader – follower relationship that can be seen in Steve Jobs. The case mainly highlight _Trait and Behavioral leadership theories_ aspect in Steve Jobs personality however if he is studied in detail the Integrative leadership theories can be best applied to him. QUESTION 5: WHEN STEVE JOBS LEAVES APPLE AGAIN, WILL APPLE’S PERFORMANCE DETERIORATE AND GO BACK INTO A CRISIS OF NEAR BANKRUPTCY? WHY OR WHY NOT? As everyone knows that Steve Jobs expired in Oct 2011, it has been 2 years that Apple is performing under Mr. Tim Cook leadership. According to the present position of Apple in the world being the best company, it can be said that Apple performance has reminded the same. One of the reason could be Steve being a great leader trained his followers so well that it help the present management to sustain Apple position in market. Mr. Tim had been the CEO for Apple when Steve was sick and on leave. He made decision on behalf of Steve under Steve observation. So he has been trained to be the CEO and hence replaced Steve in a good way. However it won’t be wrong to say that the punch of innovation and bring new products in the market is missing be  the company has introduced improved versions of the products that Steve Jobs introduced. As people are so hooked up with Apple products it helps the company to sustain its position. But if the company doesn’t introduce something new soon its performance can be effected. As Apple is known for its innovation. The company recently launch Apple Map App but it was a failure. The perfection element that Steve products used to have was missing in it and Google maps were much better. But if we talk about financial performance then yes it has improved after Steve Jobs as well.

Dual Route Adult

Sample details Pages: 12 Words: 3715 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? Evidence of dual route model in adult reading Introduction Dual route model is the study that defines the changes in the mode of interpreting printed words to sound. Therefore dual route model is associated with the study of reading and spelling and the various assumptions that arise out of the investigation. These assumptions highlight the fact that the processing of the written language is always accomplished by two separate methods called the lexical and non-lexical routes. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Dual Route Adult | Psychology Dissertations" essay for you Create order These two methods are interactive in nature. Reading and spelling in the lexical method always depends on the creation of word specific orthographic and phonological memory representation. All the current models of word recognition are based on either the dual route models or connectionist theories. The way a word recognition model accounts for different types of reading behaviours, is the word of success of every model. The dual model theory has withstood most of the tests associated with reading behaviours. However some psychologists do not agree with this theory, instead they suggest a combination of dual as well as other models for deriving positive results in the field of reading behaviours. A number of psychologists have researched in this field and published their results. Prominent among them is the study reports of Coltheart and Bates, who have demonstrated that an equation derived from dual-route theory accurately predicts reading performance in young normal readers with reading impairment due to developmental dyslexia or stroke. Studies conducted by John Marshal also have much significance. Marshal concentrated on the fact that the method of skilled reading can be used, particularly the dual route model, for interpreting acquired dyslexia as well as developmental dyslexia. The basic concept of the dual model explains that non words and irregular words are two independent routes that lead from the written word to the noise. There is also the direct access route which is also known as the lexical route. This route deals with the pronunciation of irregular words. In this method reading is always continued through the lexicon for the purpose of pronouncing words correctly. Then there is the Grapheme phoneme conversion route which is also called the sub lexical route. In this route reading is continued without accessing the lexicon. All regular words and irregular words should be read from the lexicon, this is the suggestion given by the dual route model. A strong judgement in this regard is that the steadiness of the word always effects the periods it takes to name it. Moreover there is also a relation with its rate of recurrence. Low recurring words are more affected than high recurring words. Some words having the same frequency are not made similar, particularly inconsistent words. Moreover regular words are sometimes pronounced irregularly. According to experts a simple dual route model cannot explain all these outcomes. A dual route model can be used for the prediction of real words though the lexican route. However we can see that steadiness, rate of recurrence and uniformity effects reaction times. The suggestion that non words are read by the GPC route is not correct. Strong findings suggest that non words processing s are affected by the lexicon. Previous normal reading process of a person is affected by the impact of acquired dyslexia the affected person will suffer some kind of a shock in the left side of his brain. In this case the dual route model predicts a double disassociation. With respect to surface dyslexia, a person makes over regularisation mistakes for irregular words. The person can read words and non words if they are regular. The person will not show any case of image ability. This is due to the fact that the route remains undamaged. Another type of dyslexia which is commonly found is the Phonological dyslexia. In this situation, patients are poor to read non words. Moreover real words are easily read. Experts suggest that, here the GPC route may be damaged and the lexical route is undamaged. It is often argued that the Phonological dyslexia and the surface dyslexia are separate. They do not associate themselves. Therefore the dual route model is supported. But in other types of dyslexia the situation can be more complicated. Another type of dyslexia is the deep dyslexia. This type is characterised by poor reading of non words, semantic reading mistakes for real words, and problems associated with the GPC route. Moreover the patients under this category have an injury to a system which usually allows them to read through a semantic system. This type of dyslexia cannot be regarded as a syndrome. But in some circumstances it has to be regarded because evidences support it. Another point of argument about this type of dyslexia is that it may be a result of reading using the right hemisphere of the brain. There are assumptions that this type of dyslexia is a syndrome which is caused by a wound in the left hemisphere. If that is correct then the conclusion should be that reading is possible through semantic system in such a way that the dual route model cannot be taken into account. According to psychologist Knight R.A from his journal article titled, Language, history and use, there are alternatives to the dual route model also. They are the three routes model, Analogy theories and the Connectionist models. In the three route model, the lexical route is split into GPC route, the route through lexicon and the route direct from the lexicon. Analogy theories are single route theories. a major drawback of this theory is that it is sometimes unpredictable regarding the pronunciation of non words. The connectionist models are single route theories where there is no storage for individual words. The drawback of this model is that it also fails to predict the pronunciation of non words (Knight, Language History and Use). The dual route model has become a standard model for both normal as well as abnormal reading of adults. There is very strong evidence that there is twofold disassociation of phonological and surface dyslexia in the dual route model. The dual route model had assumptions that the conversion of grapheme-phoneme depends on a theoretical set of rules which is similar to the plans in a logical system. Other models of normal and abnormal reading development were developed on the basis of the dual route model of mature reading. The dual route theory is a very comprehensive theory. It explains both normal and abnormal adult reading and as well as normal and abnormal reading development (Pennington, 2002, p.292). In the semantic system, spoken as well as written words always turn on mechanically the matching theoretical representations. All familiar words used whether they are customary or non customary can be processed through the lexical route. This is possible in terms of their letter indicated by sound relationships. However the non lexical route makes use of the sub word level process which is based on the sound- spelling association rules success of non lexical route always depends on non words and regular words that is always associated with the English phoneme grapheme conversion laws but when there is irregular words which does not obey these set of rules, it fails to produce a correct response. All the efforts undertaken to read or write through non lexical method can result in regularization mistakes. Studies by psychologists Rapcsak, Henry and others revealed that dual route model contains purposeful mechanisms that are exclusive to both the lexical and the non lexical routes but no one can say that the two procedures are totally independent. Dual route theory always maintains that lexical route will help in delivering a true response for irregular words. The non lexical route is essential for the reading and spelling of non words correctly. For the interpretation of the written language of persons having acquired alexia / agraphia, dual route models have provided a powerful hypothetical structure. It is possible to identify the damaged cognitive module of neurological patients by specifying the practical architecture of the written language processing system. For example, the destruction that is caused to the lexical route will give rise to surface dyslexia distinguished by disproportionate complexity in reading and spelling irregular words. However damage to the non lexical route will result in phonological dyslexia, distinguished by very poor reading and spelling of non words. Apart from all these applications, dual route theory can also be used for producing quantitative predictions related to reading and spelling. It is possible to predict the accuracy of a persons and the performance on irregular words as well as non words. The basic concept of dual route models is that using lexical method irregular words can only be read correctly whereas by using non lexical strategy non words can be read correctly. The capability of lexical and non lexical routes are proved when a person will be able read accurately proportions of irregular words. According to dual route theory, both the lexical and non lexical route can process regular words and therefore the accuracy of reading can be predicted (Rapcsak, Henry, Teague, Carnahan Beeson. 2007. p.2519-2524) A study conducted by John marshal, another renowned psychologist in the year 1984 clearly emphasised that the fact that the method of skilled reading can be used, particularly the dual route model, for interpreting acquired dyslexia as well as developmental dyslexia. This claim became controversial and many other researchers argued that the dual model is quite in appropriate in the way to understand development in reading and developmental disorders in reading. However further research in this area by psychologists Castles, Bates Coltheart revealed that John Marshals claim was true (Castles, Bates Coltheart. 2006. pp. 871-892 (22)). Many researches have been undertaken for checking the effectiveness of dual route model. The dual route cognitive models of reading assume that the lexical and sub lexical routes are functionally different processes. Researchers Joubert, Beauregard and others have tested this hypothesis by using three experimental conditions. One of them was lexical and the other two were sub lexical. Frequent words represented the lexical condition whereas in the first sub lexical condition was represented by non words made of low frequency sub lexical units. These words did not resemble real words. Rare and regular words consist of the second condition. Comparisons were made between these reading tasks with a baseline condition which consisted of consonant string viewing. Moreover silent pronunciation of one or two of these consonants was also done along with this process. By analysing the results of this experiment it was found that the lexical condition which consisted of regular words generates many different peaks of activations in the border area of the left super marginal region. Whereas the other two sub lexical tasks were engaged always in the area of the left prefrontal inferior cortex (Joubert, Beauregard, Walter, Bourgouin, Beaudoin, Leroux, et al. 2004. p. 9-20). Renowned psychologists Hanley and Gard advocated that developmental surface dyslexia appears in adults. They took reading and spelling tests on two adult students and the results varied. Both these adults were affected significantly by spelling regularity. The psychologists arrived at the conclusion that the irregular words are harder to study that difficult ones, therefore a person is forced on to depend on lexical strategy during the course of reading (Funnel. 2000. P.138). The dual route models have always come under attack in recent years the theories framed by dual route experts are not always effective in adults. Most of the criticisms in the dual route model have come in the field of adult readings. As a result of criticisms levelled against dual route models, connectionists models were developed (Treiman. 1993. p.34) Studies made on languages which were opaque suggested that the lexical and non lexical processing consists of independent routes. Where as in the case of transparent languages, there is no strong evidence for independent routes. The dual route in transparent languages like in opaque languages has created an arena for discussion. By studying the neurologically damaged patients who are unable to read unknown words or non words, the existence of these routes can be seen clearly (Plasencia, Dorado Serrano. 2008. p. 48 -54). According to a study conducted by two well known psychologists, Castles and Coltheart, process deficit models of disability became popular due to the developmental problems associated with reading disability associated with brain damages. The reasons for the popularity of the process models is because of the simplicity of its framework moreover the approach of a process deficit model gives a basis for a logic of instructions stuck by the strength and weakness of the readers. But unfortunately many researches have failed to provide evidences that support process models. The fact stated in the process model that disabled readers can be categorized into distinct types and the diagnosing task of distinguishing disabled readers from the poor readers has no supportive evidence (New Directions in Research, 2006). In another experiment by Bertelson, two hypotheses were tested with relation to the development of access towards lexical meaning. They were initial indirect access and initial direct access. Conclusive proof relating to the testing pointed out that these hypotheses were not strongly supported. And it also recommended that the direct and indirect access could be used for early reading. The involvement of these procedures always changed during its course of development. The previous assumption about standard dual model was that both accesses assumed the basic theoretical tests, went wrong. Based on evidence derived from these tests, the standard dual route model was always criticised. Instead of the standard dual model, a single model was found suitable (Bertelson, 1987. p.113). The dual route cascaded model is a computational model related to visual word recognition and loud reading. It is the only computational model that is used to perform the two tasks i.e., lexical reading and aloud reading. The DRC model has its own limitations. A common claim attributed to this model is that it can explain everything. But this claim becomes false as far as the case of reading aloud and visual lexical decision is concerned. With various paradigms that are masked, facts suggest that phonological properties of very temporarily presented stimuli can influence performance in reading aloud and lexical decision tasks. The dual route cascading model or the DRC model is used for pronunciation computing from print through lexical and non lexical procedures. Non words cannot be read correctly under the lexical procedure because they are not present in the lexicons. (World Recognition Process in Reading. 2005). Many studies have been undertaken to prove the effectiveness of the dual models. In one study done by psychologists Basso, Burgio and Prandoni, of the neurological clinic, Milan University, a group consisting of 21 people were selected having specific disorders and treated with a dual route model. Another group consisting of 23 persons were treated with methods using single route models. By comparing the treated patients from both the groups, it was found that the first group treated with the dual method showed significant improvement than the second group in many areas. But the benefits received from reading of isolated words, homophones etc did not improve the reading of passages. This suggested that treatments using dual models should include exercises containing passages or sentences (Tressoldi. 2000). In another test, persons who did not have previous knowledge about French were asked to learn 12 French words. After getting their representations, they were given pictures and were asked to write the baseline. This experiment was repeated for three times. After 10 minutes these pictures were presented again and were asked to write words. After a week, these participants were again requested to do the same exercise. The results showed significant difference. The out come was that when irregular orthographic representations are acquired, it is supported by knowledge of orthographic representations (BASSO, BURGIO, PRANDONI. 1999.p.405-412). Arguments against dual route model theories. Connectionist modelling techniques have spawned the debate between single and dual route accounts of the cognitive process. The necessity of dual route processing accounts in the psychology of the language has been questioned by connectionists models. Some psychologists have also suggested that a single route model is enough for the learning of past tense formations and idiosyncratic formations which are rule based. It is also sufficient to learn rule based method of pronunciations and idiosyncratic pronunciations. Basically there are two types of criticisms that are levelled against the dual route models. The first one is that morphology is the rule which directs association of the bilinguals lexical representations. It is argued that morphology can alone produce clear effects of independence in a sole undifferentiated structure. The second criticisms said about the dual model are that the word recognition in one language may be assisted if it is similar to a word in another language. Connectionist modelling techniques have spawned the debate between single and dual route accounts of the cognitive process. The necessity of dual route processing accounts in the psychology of the language has been questioned by connectionists models. Some psychologists have also suggested that a single route model is enough for the learning of past tense formations and idiosyncratic formations which are rule based is also sufficient to learn rule based method of pronunciations and idiosyncratic pronunciations. There are also other types of criticisms that are levelled against the dual route models. The first one is that morphology is the rule which directs association of the bilinguals lexical representations. It is argued that morphology can alone produce clear effects of independence in a sole undifferentiated structure. The second criticism said about the dual model is that when motivations show some kind of resemblance between two languages, the necessity of word recognition arises. Moreover cross language meddling is found even though there is clear proof for independence of lexical presentations (Thomas, Bilingualism and the Single route). Conclusions Connectionists theories have originated as a result of the debate between single and dual route models in the area of language processing. The debate between single route and dual route has often arisen when the necessity of postulation of a rule based processing mechanism that would motivate aspects of cognition. The fundamental problem here is that all rules have exceptions and all processors based on rules should have an exception mechanism to accompany it. The other side of this debate between dual and single model is that whether there is necessity to postulate one or two realistic processing mechanisms to motivate a given cognitive ability. Dual routes are not effective in all areas, particularly in the field of bilingual word recognition. To those areas where dual theories are insignificant, it is wise to work with connectionists models which are regarded as an exiting prospect. Single route models when compared with dual route models should overcome many hurdles to get accepted. However they can be used in situations where dual route models fail to produce results. The single route models always characterise stimulus response compatibility effects to the difficulty of transaction from stimulus to response whereas dual route models suggest that compatibility effects reveal in part an extra direct or routine creation route. In consistency is one of the major drawbacks suffered by these models. Form the outcomes of studies undertaken; it is evident that the DRC model can stimulate the reading aloud task as well as the lexical decision task. The stimulation given by the DRC model to these tasks cannot be matched by any other models. Therefore the DRC model is regarded as the most successful computational model discovered so far in the field of reading behaviors. Nowadays word recognition models are constructed on the basis of dual route as well as connectionist models. Dual route has its own advantages and limitations in adult reading. In cases where dual method is not effective, connectionists models can be used. Or a combined format can be used. Combination of these two models will always give satisfactory results in word reading. (Shinoda. 2005). References BASSO, A. , BURGIO, F. PRANDONI, P. 1999. Acquisition of output irregular orthographic representations in normal adults: An experimental study. 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